A combination of refinements in laparoscopic instrumentation and increasing surgical experience has driven innovation in the area of laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). By combining working ports and the extraction incision into one site, LESS allows access to the peritoneum with fewer incisions and less scarring than the traditional multiport laparoscopic technique. Reduced incisional morbidity and improved cosmesis have sparked a growing interest in the utilization of these techniques to perform urological surgery. Mastering of the technique requires training and repetition to develop the muscle memory required to perform these challenging procedures. Although there has been an explosion of literature published about initial experiences with LESS and NOTES, little has been written about training and implementation of this approach. Here, we describe our institutional experience and the essential elements of a LESS and NOTES training curriculum and offer some insight into establishing a successful programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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